 |
|
Anthrax Vaccination and Risk of Optic Neuritis in the United States Military, 1998-2003
Daniel C. Payne, PhD, MSPH;
Charles E. Rose, Jr, PhD;
John Kerrison, MD;
Aaron Aranas, MPH, MBA;
Susan Duderstadt, MD, MPH;
Michael M. McNeil, MD, MPH
Arch Neurol. 2006;63:871-875.
ABSTRACT
| |
Background Numerous case reports have suggested a possible association between optic neuritis and receipt of several different vaccines. The most frequently identified vaccines associated with optic neuritis in the literature are influenza and hepatitis B, and a report describing 2 US military cases suggests an association with the currently used anthrax vaccine (anthrax vaccine adsorbed).
Objective To test the hypothesis that optic neuritis may be associated with anthrax, smallpox, hepatitis B, and influenza vaccines.
Design We conducted a matched case-control study among US military personnel from January 1, 1998, through December 31, 2003, using the Defense Medical Surveillance System. Statistical associations between vaccine exposures and optic neuritis within 6-, 12-, and 18-week study intervals were estimated through multivariable conditional logistic regression analyses.
Subjects A total of 1131 cases of optic neuritis and 3393 controls were matched by sex, military component, and deployment status.
Results No statistically significant associations between optic neuritis and anthrax vaccine were observed for any of the 3 study intervals: 6-week interval (odds ratio [OR], 1.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.74-1.87), 12-week interval (OR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.63-0.35), and 18-week interval (OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.58-1.14). Furthermore, no difference in optic neuritis risk was detected when comparing those who received no dose, 1 dose, and 2 doses of anthrax vaccine. Similarly, no statistically significant associations were observed between optic neuritis and smallpox, hepatitis B, or influenza vaccines within any of the study intervals. No vaccine to vaccine interactions were statistically significant.
Conclusions The results from this vaccine postmarketing surveillance investigation suggest that there is no association between optic neuritis and receipt of anthrax, smallpox, hepatitis B, or influenza vaccinations in the US military, whether these vaccines are administered alone or in combination. The negative findings presented here are important to the continuing discussions regarding the safety of these vaccines.
INTRODUCTION
For more than a quarter century, published case reports have suggested an association between optic neuritis and certain immunizations, often based on a temporal proximity between vaccine exposure and disease onset. While these reports suggest the hypothesis that a possible association exists between the administration of certain vaccines and optic neuritis, conclusive epidemiologic evidence from population-based studies is lacking and only 1 such study has been published to date.1 Complicating these findings are the rarity of this health condition and the scarcity of databases that hold the necessary information for analyzing this topic with accuracy and statistical power.
Optic neuritis is an acute, typically idiopathic inflammation of the optic nerve. It is clinically characterized by vision loss and pain and is often the sentinel event in multiple sclerosis (MS). Approximately one quarter to one third of persons with idiopathic optic neuritis develop MS within 10 years (range, 24%-39%).2-4 In both MS-associated and isolated monosymptomatic optic neuritis, the cause is presumed to be an autoimmune reaction resulting in a demyelinating inflammation of the optic nerve.5
Various genetic and environmental factors are suspected to predispose individuals to develop optic neuritis and an assortment of infections, stressors, and exogenous antigens, including vaccinations, have been proposed as possible triggers.6 The most frequently identified vaccines associated with optic neuritis in case reports are influenza and hepatitis B7-13; however, there is 1 report suggesting an association with the currently used anthrax vaccine, anthrax vaccine adsorbed.14
To investigate whether a possible association exists between receipt of anthrax vaccine and optic neuritis among US military personnel, we conducted a matched case-control study using a longitudinal surveillance database, the Defense Medical Surveillance System (DMSS).
METHODS
DEFENSE MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM
The DMSS is an active surveillance system administered by the Department of Defense to integrate data from medical treatment facilities, vaccination centers, and military personnel offices worldwide. Inpatient and outpatient diagnosis data are coded using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) and medical encounter data are most comprehensive for active-duty personnel.
STUDY DESIGN
A matched case-control study design was used with each optic neuritis case matched to 3 controls based on sex, deployment during the 18 weeks preceding the diagnosis date, and the military component in which the individual served (eg, active or reserve/National Guard). The protocol for this vaccine postmarketing surveillance investigation was approved by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Institutional Review Board and reviewed by the Food and Drug Administration and Department of Defense.
DEFINITION AND ASCERTAINMENT OF CASES AND SELECTION OF CONTROLS
We defined optic neuritis cases as those having a first-time diagnosis of the following ICD-9-CM codes: optic neuritis, unspecified (377.30); optic papillitis (377.31); retrobulbar neuritis, acute (377.32); and optic neuritis, other (377.39) during the period between January 1, 1998, and December 31, 2003. We excluded all persons with any of the ICD-9-CM codes representing optic neuropathies related to nutrition, toxicity, meningococcal meningitis, and syphilis (ICD-9-CM codes 377.33, 377.34, 036.81, and 094.85, respectively). From these resultant 1799 cases, 604 were excluded for having diagnoses of ischemic and compressive optic neuropathies within 1 year prior to their first diagnosis of optic neuritis, or for having an injury to the eye or orbital region within 18 weeks of optic neuritis. A further 64 were excluded because they had not completed at least 18 weeks of military service before the diagnosis. Thus, we considered 1131 persons matched to 3393 controls (n = 4524) as optic neuritis cases.
Defense Medical Surveillance System diagnostic histories and administrative data for all the remaining cases were reviewed by a neuro-ophthalmologist. Cases within a predefined category of unclassifiable diagnostic certainty (defined as those diagnosed with optic neuritis but having another concurrent optic condition [eg, glaucoma, retinal scar], having numerous MS, migraine, and psychiatric diagnoses, or having a prior record of sarcoidosis or alcohol dependence) were analyzed in the full sample and were also restricted in a separate analysis.
In addition to meeting the 3 matching criteria, controls were selected if their DMSS diagnostic records indicated no history of an optic neuropathy, if they served in the military on the same date of diagnosis as their matched case, and if they had at least 18 weeks of military service preceding this index date.
DEFINITION OF VACCINE EXPOSURE
We ascertained the date of each case's first diagnosis of optic neuritis and determined all vaccinations received during each of the following 3 prior study intervals from the electronic record; 6 weeks (42 days), 12 weeks (84 days), and 18 weeks (126 days). For each of the 3 matched controls, we determined all vaccinations during the 3 intervals predating their index date. We focus on reporting statistical test results for the 18-week study interval because the onset of a vaccine-mediated optic neuritis would typically be expected to occur within this time period following vaccination, and of the 3 study intervals, this period is composed of the most vaccinations received by the study subjects.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Bivariate analyses using the  2 statistic assessed differences between cases and controls. Correlational analyses were performed using the  coefficient to observe the extent to which vaccinations were coadministered during the 18-week study interval. Univariate models demonstrated the unadjusted measurements of effect for each of the vaccines under investigation.
Conditional logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate odds ratios using the SAS Proc Logistic statistical software (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC) for this matched case-control design. Variables controlled in this analysis included race (white, black, other), ethnicity (non-Hispanic, Hispanic), age grouping (18-24, 25-34,  35 years), military service branch (US Army, Air Force, Marines, Navy), occupational category (medical/scientific/research, hazardous/combat, administrative/communications), and prior diagnosis of MS. Exposure to anthrax, smallpox, hepatitis B, and influenza vaccines were included in a multivariable model with P values less than .05 considered statistically significant for each of the 6-, 12-, and 18-week study intervals. Potential 2-way interactive terms with P values less than .15 were allowed into the model.
Analyses were performed on the sample excluding those cases identified as having unclassifiable diagnostic certainty from the neuro-ophthalmologic review. Stratified analyses were conducted for study subjects by prior diagnosis of MS, military deployment during the 18-week period preceding optic neuritis diagnosis/index date, and military component.
RESULTS
The descriptive epidemiology of optic neuritis cases and their matched controls is presented in Table 1. Statistically significant differences between cases and controls were found for race, age, service branch, and occupational category.
|
|
|
|
Table 1. Descriptive Characteristics of Cases and Controls
|
|
|
Fewer cases than controls (5.7% vs 7.6%, respectively) were given the anthrax vaccine within 18 weeks of the diagnosis/index date (P = .02). Of those cases receiving the anthrax vaccine, 41 (64.1%) received 1 dose and 23 (35.9%) received 2 or more doses within this study interval. Among controls receiving the anthrax vaccine, 163 (63.4%) received 1 dose and 94 (36.6%) received 2 or more doses within the 18-week study interval. Correlation tests for the administration of these vaccines showed that anthrax and smallpox vaccines were the most frequently coadministered vaccines within the 18-week study interval ( = .31).
Table 2 presents results from the multivariable conditional logistic regression model, after adjusting for age, race, ethnicity, military service branch, occupational category, previous MS diagnosis, and other vaccinations (smallpox, hepatitis B, and influenza). A statistically non-significant negative association was observed (odds ratio [OR], 0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.58-1.14) between anthrax vaccine administration and optic neuritis for the 18-week study interval. In addition, no statistically significant associations were observed for anthrax vaccine administered during the 12- and 6-week study intervals (OR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.63-1.35; and OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 0.74-1.87, respectively); however, there were progressively fewer study subjects available for each of these comparative analyses. Similarly, no statistically significant associations were observed between optic neuritis and prior receipt of smallpox, hepatitis B, or influenza vaccination within any of the 3 study intervals. No difference in adjusted risk of optic neuritis was detected when comparing those who received no doses of anthrax vaccine with those receiving 1 dose (OR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.55-1.21), and to those receiving 2 or more doses during the 18-week study interval (OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.48-1.38). Furthermore, no vaccine to vaccine interactions achieved statistical significance in the final model.
|
|
|
|
Table 2. Multivariable Conditional Logistic Regression Results Showing Risk for Optic Neuritis by Vaccines Received Within the 18-Week Study Interval*
|
|
|
We conducted a separate analysis excluding those cases having unclassifiable diagnostic certainty and observed only minor differences between these results and the multivariate conditional logistic regression results for the full sample presented in Table 2. We also conducted separate stratified conditional multivariable analyses for only those study subjects who had no prior diagnosis of MS, were not deployed within the 18-month interval, and were in the active component of the US military. Again, no significant differences were observed between results for these strata and for the full sample.
COMMENT
This investigation found no evidence that receipt of anthrax vaccine is associated with the onset of optic neuritis in the US military population. In addition, no statistically significant associations were observed between optic neuritis and prior receipt of smallpox, hepatitis B, and influenza vaccinations within any of the 3 study intervals. Moreover, no statistically significant interactive effect on optic neuritis risk was observed, and there were no significant differences in the risk for developing optic neuritis when we restricted our analysis to study subjects having high diagnostic certainty, no prior history of MS, no deployment in the prior 18-week interval, and only active component personnel.
This vaccine postmarketing surveillance investigation of whether anthrax vaccine is possibly associated with optic neuritis in the US military was selected as a priority adverse event topic for study by the CDC's Vaccine Analytic Unit with input from a workgroup of the National Vaccine Advisory Committee.15 With questions concerning the safety of anthrax vaccine raised by the media, by some scientists, and by some members of the Armed Forces, the negative findings presented here are important to this vaccine's continuing safety discussion.16
One earlier case report by Kerrison et al14 described 2 US military patients diagnosed with optic neuritis after receipt of the anthrax vaccine. These patients developed acute optic neuritis shortly after receiving a second and fourth anthrax vaccination. The authors suggested a possible association between optic neuritis and prior receipt of the anthrax vaccine, possibly as a result of a potential immune-mediated response to optic nerve antigens that was stimulated by the vaccine. However, the authors were unable to detect common epitopes shared by both the anthrax vaccine and the retina/optic nerve in support of this hypothesized pathogenic mechanism.
The CDC and Food and Drug Administration's jointly administered, passive surveillance system, the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System, has received 7 reports of optic neuritis following receipt of the anthrax vaccine alone (CDC, unpublished data, August 24, 2005). In an expanded clinical evaluation, members of the Anthrax Vaccine Expert Committee reviewed all Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System reports from 1998 through 2001 considered possibly associated with the receipt of the anthrax vaccine.17 Of these reports, only 1 was identified as optic neuritis and was determined by the Anthrax Vaccine Expert Committee to have an "unclassifiable" causal relationship with the anthrax vaccine.
In an analysis of DMSS diagnostic codes for anthrax-immunized and nonimmunized US service personnel from 1998 through 2000, Lange et al18 reported a statistically significant elevated postvaccination adjusted rate ratio of 2.74 (95% CI, 1.56-4.80) for the nonspecific 3-digit ICD-9-CM code 377 (disorders of optic nerve and visual pathways). The authors' conclusions were limited by this broad definition of optic disorders and the lack of any diagnostic validation; nonetheless, the optic disorders remained rare with a prevaccination diagnosis rate of 1 of 100 000 person-years and a postvaccination diagnosis rate of 2.9 of 100 000 person-years.
DeStefano et al1 investigated whether several vaccines were associated with MS and optic neuritis using the Vaccine Safety Datalink database. These investigators found no statistically significant increased risk associated with hepatitis B, tetanus, influenza, measles/mumps/rubella, measles, and rubella vaccines. Furthermore, no statistically significant associations were observed between the administration of these immunizations during 3 study intervals (<1 year, 1-5 years, and >5 years) and the development of MS or optic neuritis. The authors concluded that vaccinations do not cause central nervous system demyelination and do not trigger its clinical presentation among persons having subclinical disease,1 although other researchers contend that insufficient evidence exists from which to state this definitively.19
Particular strengths of this vaccine postmarketing surveillance investigation included the availability of the large DMSS database for studying this extremely rare diagnostic endpoint. No previously published epidemiologic study is known to have possessed a sufficiently large sample size to enable calculation of specific vaccine exposure risks within 6-, 12- and 18-week postvaccination intervals. Our investigation's relatively brief exposure intervals tend to lessen the opportunity for chance causations to be introduced in the analysis. It is well accepted that the onset of vaccine-mediated optic neuritis would typically occur within several weeks after vaccination. We were also able to adjust for any potential effects from other (smallpox, hepatitis B, and influenza) vaccines administered to study subjects within the same study intervals as anthrax vaccine. In addition, we assessed individual effects and possible interactions between these vaccines.
A possible weakness of our study is the omission to conduct a medical record review to confirm the diagnosis of optic neuritis. Nevertheless, we consider that the level of diagnostic validity was probably high because this specific condition is typically associated with an acute, severe presentation which would likely result in the patient being clinically investigated and diagnosed by an ophthalmologist. While medical records were not reviewed as part of this study, we retrieved complete DMSS diagnostic histories of all cases, which were individually reviewed for diagnostic quality by an experienced neuro-ophthalmologist. In addition, when we repeated our analysis and excluded those cases suggested by this neuro-ophthalmic review to be of an unclassifiable diagnostic validity, the results did not change substantively. While some nondifferential misclassification of exposures or diagnoses is possible,18 it is unlikely that it would have produced sufficient bias to change our results or conclusions. We could not rule out an infectious cause for a minority of cases, particularly those having diagnosed chronic sinusitis or unspecified viral infections within 18 weeks of the optic neuritis diagnosis.
Compared with controls, subjects were more likely to be older than 35 years and less likely to fall within the 18- to 25-year-old group. This age imbalance between cases and controls is significant in that demyelinating optic neuritis generally has the highest incidence in persons younger than 35 years; however, it is not clear whether this age relationship exists with potential vaccine-mediated optic neuritis. We believe that any possible confounding effect of age was adequately controlled in the multivariable logistic regression analyses, and using a continuous age variable in the model produced almost identical, statistically non-significant results as those reported in Table 2.
Finally, the lack of any appreciable differences between our multivariate conditional logistic regression results and the results from our separate analyses (which excluded those subjects having unclassifiable diagnostic certainty, prior diagnosis of MS, deployments within the 18-month study interval, and reserve and National Guard personnel) suggest that the full sample results presented in Table 2 sufficiently explain the data. In summary, the results of this vaccine postmarketing surveillance investigation contribute to evidence that there is no association between optic neuritis and anthrax, smallpox, hepatitis B, and influenza vaccines, whether administered alone or in combination.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Correspondence: Daniel C. Payne, PhD, MSPH, Mailstop E-61, Bacterial Vaccine–Preventable Disease Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 (dvp6{at}cdc.gov).
Accepted for Publication: February 13, 2006.
Author Contributions: Study concept and design: Payne, Rose, Kerrison, Aranas, Duderstadt, and McNeil. Acquisition of data: Payne, Rose, and Kerrison. Analysis and interpretation of data: Payne, Rose, Kerrison, Aranas, and McNeil. Drafting of the manuscript: Payne. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Payne, Rose, Kerrison, Aranas, Duderstadt, and McNeil. Statistical analysis: Payne and Rose. Obtained funding: Payne and McNeil. Administrative, technical, and material support: Payne, Kerrison, and Aranas. Study supervision: Payne and McNeil.
Acknowledgment: We thank the following individuals for their valuable contributions to this investigation: John Moran, MD, MPH, Frank DeStefano, MD, MPH, John Iskander, MD, MPH, Col Mark V. Rubertone, MD, MPH, Col John D. Grabenstein, RPh, PhD, Col Renata J. M. Engler, MD, Robert Ball, MD, MPH, Dale R. Burwen, MD, MPH, and Emily Jane Woo, MD, MPH. We would like to specifically thank our prior and current National Vaccine Advisory Committee work group members Jeffrey P. Davis, MD, Mary Beth Koslap-Petraco, MS, CPNP, David S. Stephens, MD, and Gary D. Overturf, MD.
Author Affiliations: Bacterial Vaccine–Preventable Disease Branch, Epidemiology and Surveillance Division, National Immunization Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga (Drs Payne, Rose, Aranas, Duderstadt, and McNeil); Johns Hopkins University Hospital, Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, Md, and Retina Consultants of Charleston, Charleston, SC (Dr Kerrison); Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tenn (Dr Duderstadt).
REFERENCES
| |
1. DeStefano F, Verstraeten T, Jackson LA, et al. Vaccinations and risk of central nervous system demyelinating diseases in adults. Arch Neurol. 2003;60:504-509.
FREE FULL TEXT
2. Kahana E, Alter M, Feldman S. Optic neuritis in relation to multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 1976;213:87-95.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
3. Beck RW, Trobe JD, Moke PS, et al. High- and low-risk profiles for the development of multiple sclerosis within 10 years after optic neuritis: experience of the optic neuritis treatment trial. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003;121:944-949.
FREE FULL TEXT
4. Kinnunen E. The incidence of optic neuritis and its prognosis for multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand. 1983;68:371-377.
ISI
| PUBMED
5. Kasper D, Braunwald E, Fauci A, et al. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. eds 16th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Inc; 2004.6. Tourbah A, Gout O, Liblau R, et al. Encephalitis after hepatitis B vaccination: recurrent disseminated encephalitis or MS? Neurology. 1999;53:396-401.
FREE FULL TEXT
7. Albitar S, Bourgeon B, Genin R, et al. Bilateral retrobulbar optic neuritis with hepatitis B vaccination. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1997;12:2169-2170.
FREE FULL TEXT
8. Herroelen L, de Keyser J, Ebinger G. Central-nervous-system demyelination after immunization with recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Lancet. 1991;338:1174-1175.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
9. Bienfang DC, Kantrowitz FG, Noble JL, Raynor AM. Ocular abnormalities after influenza immunization [letter]. Arch Ophthalmol. 1977;95:1649.
PUBMED
10. Perry HD, Mallen FJ, Grodin RW, Cossari AJ. Reversible blindness in optic neuritis associated with influenza vaccination. Ann Ophthalmol. 1979;11:545-550.
PUBMED
11. Hull TP, Bates JH. Optic neuritis after influenza vaccination. Am J Ophthalmol. 1997;124:703-704.
ISI
| PUBMED
12. Ray CL, Dreizin IJ. Bilateral optic neuropathy associated with influenza vaccination. J Neuroophthalmol. 1996;16:182-184.
PUBMED
13. Kawasaki A, Purvin VA, Tang R. Bilateral anterior ischemic optic neuropathy following influenza vaccination. J Neuroophthalmol. 1998;18:56-59.
PUBMED
14. Kerrison JB, Lounsbury D, Thirkill CE, et al. Optic neuritis after anthrax vaccination. Ophthalmology. 2002;109:99-104.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
15. Payne DC, Franzke LH, Stehr-Green PA, Schwartz B, McNeil MM. Development of the vaccine analytic unit's research agenda for investigating potential adverse events associated with anthrax vaccine adsorbed [published online ahead of print January 30, 2006]. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. doi:10.1002/pds.1213. Accessed April 12, 2006.16. Gellin BG, Shaffner W. The risk of vaccination: the importance of "negative" studies. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:372-373.
FREE FULL TEXT
17. Sever JL, Brenner AI, Gale AD, et al. Safety of anthrax vaccine: an expanded review and explanation of adverse events reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2004;13:825-840.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
18. Lange JL, Lesikar SE, Rubertone MV, Brundage JF. Comprehensive systematic surveillance for adverse effects of anthrax vaccine adsorbed, US Armed Forces, 1998-2000. Vaccine. 2003;21:1620-1628.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
19. Hernan MA, Jick SS. Hepatitis B vaccination and multiple sclerosis: the jury is still out. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2005 Oct 24; [Epub ahead of print].
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
RELATED LETTERS
Data vs Conclusions in the Optic Neuritis Vaccination Investigation
Meryl Nass
Arch Neurol. 2006;63(12):1809-1810.
EXTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Data vs Conclusions in the Optic Neuritis Vaccination Investigation—Reply
Daniel C. Payne, Charles E. Rose, Jr, John Kerrison, Aaron Aranas, Susan Duderstadt, and Michael M. McNeil
Arch Neurol. 2006;63(12):1810.
EXTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Adverse Reactions to Anthrax Vaccine (eg, Optic Neuritis) May Be More Complex or Delayed Than Reported Initially by Payne et al (2006)
Walter Richard Schumm
Arch Neurol. 2007;64(3):457-458.
EXTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Adverse Reactions to Anthrax Vaccine (eg, Optic Neuritis) May Be More Complex or Delayed Than Reported Initially by Payne et al (2006)—Reply
Daniel C. Payne, Charles E. Rose, Jr, John Kerrison, Aaron Aranas, Susan Duderstadt, and Michael M. McNeil
Arch Neurol. 2007;64(3):458.
EXTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Optic Neuritis and Vaccination Investigation: Failure to Consider Significant Sex Differences and Multiple Vaccine Combinations
Renata J. M. Engler, Mary Klote, and Michael R. Nelson
Arch Neurol. 2007;64(11):1673-1674.
EXTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Optic Neuritis and Vaccination Investigation: Failure to Consider Significant Sex Differences and Multiple Vaccine Combinations—Reply
Daniel C. Payne, Charles E. Rose, Jr, John Kerrison, Aaron Aranas, Susan Duderstadt, and Michael M. McNeil
Arch Neurol. 2007;64(11):1674-1675.
EXTRACT
| FULL TEXT
THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES
|
Optic Neuritis and Vaccination Investigation: Failure to Consider Significant Sex Differences and Multiple Vaccine Combinations
Engler et al.
Arch Neurol 2007;64:1673-1674.
FULL TEXT
Optic Neuritis and Vaccination Investigation: Failure to Consider Significant Sex Differences and Multiple Vaccine Combinations Reply
Payne et al.
Arch Neurol 2007;64:1674-1675.
FULL TEXT
Adverse Reactions to Anthrax Vaccine (eg, Optic Neuritis) May Be More Complex or Delayed Than Reported Initially by Payne et al (2006)--Reply
Payne et al.
Arch Neurol 2007;64:458-458.
FULL TEXT
Adverse Reactions to Anthrax Vaccine (eg, Optic Neuritis) May Be More Complex or Delayed Than Reported Initially by Payne et al (2006)
Schumm
Arch Neurol 2007;64:457-458.
FULL TEXT
Data vs Conclusions in the Optic Neuritis Vaccination Investigation
Nass
Arch Neurol 2006;63:1809-1810.
FULL TEXT
Minerva
BMJ 2006;333:208-208.
FULL TEXT
|
