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The G93C Mutation in Superoxide Dismutase 1
Clinicopathologic Phenotype and Prognosis
Luc Régal, MD;
Ludo Vanopdenbosch, MD;
Petra Tilkin, RN;
Ludo Van Den Bosch, PhD;
Vincent Thijs, MD, PhD;
Rafael Sciot, MD, PhD;
Wim Robberecht, MD, PhD
Arch Neurol. 2006;63:262-267.
ABSTRACT
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Background Twenty percent of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is caused by mutations in the superoxide dismutase 1 gene (SOD1). Few data exist on their clinicopathologic phenotypes.
Objectives To determine the clinical and pathologic phenotype associated with the G93C mutation in SOD1 and to compare survival in familial ALS related to this mutation with survival in other ALS subgroups.
Design Retrospective study.
Setting Tertiary referral center for neuromuscular disorders.
Patients Twenty patients with the G93C mutation for whom clinical data were available and 1 patient with pathologic data.
Main Outcome Measures Characteristics and survival compared with other ALS subgroups, adjusting for known prognostic factors.
Results The G93C mutation was associated with a purely lower motor neuron phenotype without bulbar involvement. Presence of the mutation independently predicted longer survival compared with other ALS subgroups. Pathologic examination showed degeneration of the anterior horn, spinocerebellar tracts, and posterior funiculi, with minimal involvement of corticospinal tracts and no degeneration of brainstem motor nuclei. Survival motor neuron gene copy number had no significant influence on age at onset or survival in patients with the G93C mutation.
Conclusions These findings add to the knowledge of SOD1-related familial ALS and demonstrate further clinicopathologic variability between different SOD1 mutations. Finally, they demonstrate the independent prognostic value of the G93C mutation.
INTRODUCTION
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal degenerative disease of motor neurons. In most patients, it is sporadic (SALS) and its cause unknown. In 10% of patients ALS is familial (FALS), and 20% of FALS is caused by mutations in the superoxide dismutase 1 gene (SOD1).1 Some of these mutations are associated with a faster or slower clinical course2 or with predominant lower motor neuron involvement.3 However, for most of these mutations little is known about their clinicopathologic correlates.
In this article, we report the clinical and pathologic phenotype associated with the G93C mutation in SOD1 [SOD1(G93C)]. Also, we compared survival in SOD1(G93C)–related FALS with survival in other ALS subgroups, adjusting for established prognostic factors.4-5
METHODS
PATIENTS
Clinical records of patients with ALS examined in our institution were reviewed, and patients with definite or probable ALS6 were included. A diagnosis of FALS was made when a first-degree relative was affected. Our ALS database (January 1, 1993, to December 31, 2002) contained 20 patients with FALS from 4 families with SOD1(G93C), 10 patients with SOD1(L38V) FALS, 5 patients with SOD1(D90A) FALS, 18 patients with FALS without SOD1 mutations, and 359 patients with SALS. Onset was defined as onset of weakness, dysarthria, or dysphagia, because onset of fasciculations or cramps was found to be unreliable. Diagnostic delay was defined as the interval between onset and diagnosis. Survival was defined as the interval between onset and death or initiation of artificial ventilation. We determined percentage of predicted forced vital capacity (FVC) soon after diagnosis. No patients received artificial ventilation.
NEUROPATHOLOGIC EXAMINATION
The brain and spinal cord of a 57-year-old man with SOD1(G93C) and a 67-month survival were examined by routine techniques. Briefly, representative tissue blocks from formalin-fixed brain and spinal cord were processed with paraffin, and 5-µm-thick sections (through motor and other neocortexes, basal ganglia, hippocampus, brainstem, and cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal cord) were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and with the Klüver-Barrera stain. Indirect immunoperoxidase stains were performed with the use of polyclonal antiubiquitin antibodies (DAKO, Glostrup, Denmark) and polyclonal antineurofilament antibodies (Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, Mo).
GENETIC ANALYSIS
The SOD1 genotyping of patients with FALS with screening of all 5 exons was performed as described previously,7 after informed consent was obtained. The copy number of the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) and SMN2 genes in 15 of the patients with SOD1(G93C) was determined by means of the multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification technology,8 with a diagnostic kit for spinal muscular atrophy (Salsa P021; MRC Holland BV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands).
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Age at onset and diagnostic delay in patients with FALS (SOD1 related [G93C, L38V, D90A] and non–SOD1 related) and SALS were compared by analysis of variance. Pairwise comparisons were performed by unpaired, 2-tailed t tests. Kaplan-Meier curves of survival in SOD1(G93C)–related FALS, SOD1(L38V)–related FALS, non–SOD1-related FALS, and SALS were generated and compared by the log-rank test. Because only 5 patients with SOD1(D90A) were available, their data were not included. A Cox proportional hazards regression was performed with SOD1(G93C), age at onset, diagnostic delay, bulbar vs spinal onset, and percentage of predicted FVC as covariates. Hazard ratios were calculated for presence of SOD1(G93C), per year of greater age at onset, per month of increased diagnostic delay, for spinal onset, and per 10% increase in percentage of predicted FVC.
Age at onset and survival were compared in patients with SOD1(G93C) with 1 vs 2 copies of the SMN1 or SMN2 gene with an unpaired, 2-tailed t test.
The Bonferroni method was used to correct for multiple comparisons. A 2-sided significance level of .05 was used. Values are represented as mean ± SD, unless indicated otherwise. All statistical analyses were performed with SPSS 10.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Ill).
COMPARATIVE DATA
We reviewed the English-language literature to compare data for patients with SOD1 mutations for which at least 1 detailed illustrated neuropathologic description and detailed clinical information on at least 10 patients with FALS were available. Care was taken not to include the same patients repeatedly. Whenever possible, the same criteria for age at onset, survival, and upper motor neuron involvement as in our study population were used.
RESULTS
CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOD1(G93C)
All 20 patients with SOD1(G93C) FALS had slowly progressive weakness and atrophy, starting distally in the lower extremities. Symptoms gradually spread proximally and to the upper extremities. Throughout the course, distal involvement predominated and bulbar function was preserved. Death resulted from respiratory failure in all 11 patients who had died. Deep tendon reflexes were initially present but gradually disappeared. There were no brisk reflexes, spasticity, Babinski signs, jaw jerk, or other upper motor neuron signs. Several patients (not the patient who underwent autopsy) had mild sensory symptoms, and in 1 patient with advanced disease, mild distal loss of pinpoint sensation was found.
NEUROPATHOLOGIC FINDINGS
Brain and spinal cord of a 57-year-old man with SOD1(G93C) were obtained at autopsy, after a 67-month-long disease course.
The motor cortex appeared normal. No loss of brainstem motor neurons was observed, but in most brainstem motor nuclei, lipofuscin-loaded motor neurons were prominent. Lipofuscin was most prominent in hypoglossal motor neurons, which also showed hyaline inclusions. Loss of myelinated fibers was pronounced in the posterior column and spinocerebellar tracts, but only mild in the lateral corticospinal tracts (Figure 1A). Severe loss of anterior horn cells was present, and many of the remaining neurons were atrophic and showed hyaline inclusions similar to the previously described Lewy body–like hyaline inclusions9 (Figure 1B) or ubiquitin-positive inclusions (Figure 1C). Most remaining neurons contained lipofuscin. The Clarke column was also degenerated. Neurofilament stains were unremarkable. Bunina bodies were absent.
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Figure 1. Spinal cord examination in the G93C mutation of the superoxide dismutase 1 gene. Klüver-Barrera stain of the spinal cord (A) shows prominent myelin loss of posterior funiculus and spinocerebellar tracts, but less involvement of lateral corticospinal tracts. Hyaline inclusion (B) and paranuclear ubiquitin-positive inclusion (C) are seen in spinal motor neurons. (B, Hematoxylin-eosin; C, indirect immunohistochemistry. A, Bar indicates 2 mm; B and C, 80 µm.)
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DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS
Age at onset in SOD1(G93C)–related FALS was 45.9 ± 10.6 years, significantly younger than in SALS (58.4 ± 12.0 years; P<.001). The onset was earlier in SOD1(L38V)–related FALS than non–SOD1-related FALS (P = .004) and SALS (P<.001) (Table 1). Bulbar onset was noted in 105 (30.2%) of 348 patients with SALS but in none of the patients with SOD1-related FALS (P = .001).
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Table 1. Demographic Characteristics of ALS Subgroups
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Median disease durations were estimated by Kaplan-Meier curves (Table 1, Figure 2). Log-rank analysis showed a statistically significant difference among the groups (P<.001). Pairwise analysis showed that median disease duration in patients with SOD1(G93C) (153.0 months) was significantly longer than that of patients with SALS (30.0 months), SOD1(L38V) (24.0 months), and non–SOD1 FALS (43.0 months). There was no difference in survival between patients with SALS, non–SOD1 FALS, and SOD1(L38V).
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Figure 2. Kaplan-Meier survival curves of different subgroups of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). FALS indicates familial ALS (not related to the superoxide dismutase 1 gene); SALS, sporadic ALS.
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In a multivariate analysis, the hazard ratios (and corresponding 95% confidence intervals) for age at onset, diagnostic delay, spinal site of onset, and percentage of predicted FVC were 1.03 (1.02-1.05; P<.001), 0.94 (0.91-0.96; P<.001), 0.64 (0.44-0.93; P = .02), and 0.84 (0.78-0.91; P<.001), respectively, all statistically significant. In addition, the presence of the G93C mutation was found to represent an independent, statistically significant, positive prognostic factor for survival (hazard ratio, 0.2; 95% confidence interval, 0.05-0.81; P = .02).
SMN GENE ANALYSIS
Two patients had 1 SMN1 gene copy but 3 SMN2 copies, and 9 patients had 1 SMN2 gene copy. There was no statistically significant difference in age at onset or survival between patients with 1 or 2 SMN1 gene copies, nor between patients with 1 or 2 SMN2 gene copies, although onset was earlier in the population with 2 SMN2 copies than in that with 1 SMN2 copy (42.7 ± 3.4 vs 50.3 ± 3.4 years; P = .17)
COMMENT
We present clinical data on the largest group of patients with SOD1(G93C)–related FALS yet reported, and the first pathologic data of a patient with this mutation, to our knowledge.
In our population, SOD1(G93C) was associated with a purely lower motor neuron clinical phenotype and absence of bulbar involvement. Aside from variability in age at onset and survival, this phenotype was quite constant in comparison with some other SOD1 mutations, especially SOD1(I113T) (Table 2). The SMN gene copy number, previously proposed as a susceptibility or prognostic factor in SALS,33-34 did not explain this variability in our patients. This suggests that other modifiers exist.19
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Table 2. Clinicopathologic Comparison With Other SOD1 Mutations
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Predominant lower motor neuron involvement, as found in our patients with SOD1(G93C) FALS, is also a frequent finding in other SOD1 mutations, especially in SOD1(A4V) and SOD1(A4T) (Table 2). Although pathologic data on SOD1-related ALS are limited, findings similar to those in our patient, such as mild corticospinal tract involvement, prominent myelin loss in posterior columns and spinocerebellar tracts, and degeneration of Clarke column, seem to define the pathologic picture in SOD1(A4V),3 SOD1(A4T),30 and SOD1(E100G).35 However, in these reports, brainstem involvement was more pronounced than in our patient, who showed only hyaline inclusions in the hypoglossal nucleus, without neuronal loss. Absence of Bunina bodies has been a consistent finding in SOD1-related ALS, except for 1 patient with a de novo H80A mutation36 and a patient with an insertion at codon 127.37
The earlier onset of SOD1(G93C)–related FALS compared with SALS is a shared feature of most SOD1 mutations and FALS in general. Among SOD1 mutations, SOD1(L38V) and SOD1(G37R) have been shown to present earlier than other mutations,2 reflected in a mean age at onset of 38 years in our patients with SOD1(L38V). In our population, the comparison with patients with FALS carrying other mutations in SOD1 did not reach statistical significance, probably because of small numbers. Indications of a better prognosis associated with SOD1(G93C) (median survival, 153 months) were reported before, but these analyses were done only on patients with FALS and did not adjust for all the known prognostic variables.2, 4-5 We demonstrated that SOD1(G93C)–related FALS has a significantly better prognosis than SALS, non–SOD1-related FALS, and SOD1(L38V)–related FALS, independent of age at onset, site of onset, percentage of predicted FVC, and diagnostic delay. The independent prognostic value of these latter factors was confirmed.
The reason for the better prognosis and particular phenotype of SOD1(G93C) remains elusive, as are the reasons why other mutations, like SOD1(A4V), have a worse prognosis. However, our data are useful to estimate prognosis in these rare families and may help to validate theories about the pathogenicity of SOD1 mutations. Indeed, the remarkable differences in clinical severity, age at onset, and type (lower-upper, spinal-bulbar) of motor neuron involvement between certain SOD1 mutations may be a reflection of their different biological properties. A hint to possible mechanisms in this diversity of phenotypes was provided in a recent report on the selective association of mutant SOD1 with mitochondria of affected tissues in transgenic mouse models of ALS.38 More research into differences in molecular mechanisms between SOD1 mutations with well-defined clinicopathologic phenotypes in humans is needed to solve these issues.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Correspondence: Wim Robberecht, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium (wim.robberecht{at}uz.kuleuven.ac.be).
Accepted for Publication: October 5, 2005.
Author Contributions: Study concept and design: Régal, Vanopdenbosch, Van Den Bosch, and Robberecht. Acquisition of data: Vanopdenbosch, Tilkin, Sciot, and Robberecht. Analysis and interpretation of data: Régal, Vanopdenbosch, Thijs, Sciot, and Robberecht. Drafting of the manuscript: Régal, Tilkin, and Robberecht. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Régal, Vanopdenbosch, Van Den Bosch, Thijs, Sciot, and Robberecht. Statistical analysis: Thijs and Robberecht. Obtained funding: Robberecht. Administrative, technical, and material support: Régal, Tilkin, Sciot, and Robberecht. Study supervision: Vanopdenbosch, Van Den Bosch, Sciot, and Robberecht.
Funding/Support: This study was supported by a grant from the Interuniversity Attraction Poles programs P5/19 and P5/35 of the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office, Belgium.
Previous Presentation: This study was presented in part at the 53rd Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Neurology; May 10, 2001; Philadelphia, Pa. A published abstract appears in Neurology. 2001;56(8, suppl 3):A445.
Acknowledgment: We thank Gert Matthijs, PhD, for the molecular analysis of the patients' samples.
Author Affiliations: Departments of Neurology and Experimental Neurology (Drs Régal, Vanopdenbosch, Van Den Bosch, Thijs, and Robberecht and Ms Tilkin) and Pathology (Dr Sciot), University Hospital Gasthuisberg, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. Dr Vanopdenbosch is now with the Department of Neurology, AZ Sint-Jan, Brugge, Belgium.
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