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Autoantibodies in Thymoma-Associated Myasthenia Gravis With Myositis or Neuromyotonia
Åse Mygland, MD;
Angela Vincent, MB, FRCPath;
John Newsom-Davis, MD;
Henry Kaminski, MD;
Francesco Zorzato, MD;
Mark Agius, MD;
Nils E. Gilhus, MD;
Johan A. Aarli, MD
Arch Neurol. 2000;57:527-531.
ABSTRACT
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Background About 50% of patients with thymoma have paraneoplastic myasthenia gravis (MG). Myositis and myocarditis or neuromyotonia (NMT) will also develop in some. Patients with thymoma-associated MG produce autoantibodies to a variety of neuromuscular antigens, particularly acetylcholine receptor (AChR), titin, skeletal muscle calcium release channel (ryanodine receptor [RyR]), and voltage-gated potassium channels (VGKC).
Objective To examine whether neuromuscular autoantibodies in patients with thymoma correlate with specific clinical syndromes.
Methods Serum and plasma samples from 19 patients with thymoma-associated MG, of whom 5 had myositis and 6 had NMT, underwent testing for antibodies to AChR, titin, RyR, and VGKC.
Results Antibodies to AChR and titin were found in 19 and 17 patients, respectively. Antibodies to RyR correlated with the presence of myositis (P=.03); they were found in all 5 patients with myositis and in only 1 patient with NMT, but also in 4 of 8 patients with neither disease. Antibodies to VGKC were found in 4 patients with NMT, 1 of 3 patients undergoing testing for myositis, and 2 of 7 patients undergoing testing with neither comorbidity. Presence of RyR antibodies correlated with high levels of titin antibodies.
Conclusions The results appear to distinguish partially between 3 groups of patients with thymoma-associated MG: the first with RyR antibodies and myositis or myocarditis, the second with NMT without RyR antibodies, and the third without RyR antibodies, myositis, or NMT. Differences in the thymoma may underlie these pathologic associations.
INTRODUCTION
TUMORS OF the thymus, especially lymphoepithelial thymomas, are associated with autoimmune pure red blood cell anemia and neuromuscular disorders.1 Myasthenia gravis (MG) is the most common, being present in about 50% of all patients with thymoma at some stage.2 Myasthenia gravis is a disorder with fluctuating weakness of skeletal muscle that is caused by autoantibodies to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChR) at the neuromuscular junction. An inflammatory myopathy of striated and cardiac muscle develops in some patients with thymoma-associated MG. The myositis of striated muscle is characterized by proximal muscle weakness, elevated creatine kinase levels, and a myopathic pattern on electromyography (EMG). Results of muscle biopsies show patchy inflammatory infiltrates with T and B lymphocytes, plasma cells, and disruption of myofibrils and sarcolemmic structure.3 The cardiac myositis may give rise to heart failure, cardiac arrhythmia, and sudden death.4-5 The occurrence of myocarditis may be a reason for the increased mortality of patients with thymoma-associated MG,6 and the myositis may explain the poor clinical response of these patients to nonimmunosuppressive treatment of their myasthenic symptoms.
Neuromyotonia (NMT) can also be associated with thymoma.7 Patients with NMT have hyperactivity of peripheral motor nerves, causing myokymia, muscle stiffness, muscle cramps, and sometimes muscle hypertrophy. Some patients experience paresthesias or central nervous system symptoms.7 The EMG shows characteristic bursts of high-frequency motor unit discharges. Antibodies directed against voltage-gated potassium channels (VGKC) of peripheral nerves have been detected in patients with NMT, with or without thymoma; the disorder is probably caused by antibody-mediated dysfunction of VGKC that normally regulate nerve excitability.8
Patients with thymoma-associated MG produce autoantibodies to a variety of neuromuscular antigens in addition to the AChR and VGKC antibodies, ie, antibodies to the skeletal muscle calcium (Ca2+) release channel (ryanodine receptor [RyR]) of sarcoplasmic reticulum that transmits signals from sarcolemma to contractile filaments,9 and antibodies to cytoplasmic filamentous proteins,10-11 particularly titin,12 or neurofilaments.13 Thymic epithelial cells express epitopes shared by the target antigens for some of these antibodies.14-16 It is assumed that autoreactive T lymphocytes are generated in the thymic tumor and that they subsequently stimulate antibody production against various muscle antigens.17
The incidence of these antibodies in the different clinical subgroups of thymoma-associated neurologic disorders has not been determined previously. We measured antibodies to AChR, VGKC, titin, and RyR in 19 patients with thymoma-associated MG, 11 of whom had associated myositis or NMT. The results suggest at least 3 subgroups of thymoma-associated MG with different spectrums of autoantibodies.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
PATIENTS
Serum or plasma samples from 19 patients with thymoma and combinations of MG and other neuromuscular disorders were available. Ten patients were from Norway; 5 patients, England; 2 patients, Germany; and 2 patients, the United States. Thymomas were classified histologically according to Kirchner and Müller-Hermelink.18 Clinical features of the patients are shown in Table 1. Five patients had MG and myositis and/or myocarditis. One of these patients has been described previously as having rippling muscle disease with electrically silent muscle cramps, in addition to myositis and MG.19 The myositis diagnosis was based on clinical symptoms, elevated serum creatine kinase levels, EMG findings, and results of muscle biopsy. The myocarditis diagnosis was based on cardiac symptoms without any other cause and typical electrocardiography findings. The diagnosis was verified by postmortem examination in 2 of 3 patients with myocarditis. Six patients had NMT as well as MG. The NMT diagnosis was based on clinical criteria and EMG findings.7 Eight patients with MG, but no signs of other neuromuscular disorders, were selected randomly from the serum bank of thymoma-associated MG at the University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. Serum and plasma samples were stored at -60°C until use.
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Table 1. Clinical Features in Patients With Thymoma-Associated MG and Other Associated Disorders*
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ANTIBODY ASSAYS
Each assay was performed on all the serum samples together. Antibodies to AChR were determined by immunoprecipitation of iodine 125 (125I)- -bungarotoxin–labeled human AChR, and values were given as nanomoles of 125I--bungarotoxin–binding sites precipitated per liter of serum as previously described.20
Antibodies to VGKC were determined as previously described by immunoprecipitation of 125I--dendrotoxin–labeled extracts of human frontal cortex,8 and values were given as picomoles per liter. The upper limit of normal was 100 pmol/L (mean + 3 SD among 6 laboratory control samples, 6 samples with Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome [LEMS], and 5 samples with MG without apparent NMT; none of them were positive for the presence of VGKC antibodies).
Antibodies to titin were measured by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a recombinant titin antigen (MGT30) as previously described.12 Results are given as optical density (OD) values referring to the absorbance of test serum samples diluted 1:200, the serum dilution giving the best discrimination between samples with a selection of positive and negative findings. The upper limit of normal was OD value 60 (the mean + 3 SD among 20 serum samples from blood donors).
Antibodies to RyR were measured by means of Western blotting with purified RyR. Terminal cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum from rabbit skeletal muscle were purified by means of sucrose gradient centrifugation.21 The terminal cisternae fractions were electrophoresed on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels and transblotted onto nitrocellulose. The blots were blocked for 60 minutes with 5% dry milk in phosphate-buffered saline solution; incubated for 120 minutes with MG serum samples diluted to 1:50; incubated for 60 minutes with peroxidase-conjugated rabbit antibodies to human IgG diluted 1:500 (Dako, Copenhagen, Denmark); and color developed with 4-chloro-1-naphtol as previously described.9 Serum samples staining the RyR protein band in the terminal cisternae fraction were considered positive for anti–RyR antibodies.
STATISTICS
Correlations between presence of antibodies and clinical syndromes were assessed by means of Fisher exact test. The t test was used to compare means. All analyses were performed using commercially available software (SPSS 8.0 for Windows; SPSS Inc, Chicago, Ill). P<.05 was considered significant.
RESULTS
All 19 patients with thymoma-associated MG had antibodies to AChR, and 17 had antibodies to titin. The titers of AChR and titin antibodies did not correlate significantly with any of the clinical syndromes (Figure 1), but the titer of titin antibodies was significantly higher in patients with RyR antibodies than in those without such antibodies (Table 2).
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Antibodies to acetylcholine receptors (AChR; A), voltage-gated potassium channels (VGKC; B), titin (C), and ryanodine receptor (RyR; D) in patients with thymoma-associated myasthenia gravis (MG) with myositis or myocarditis, neuromyotonia (NMT), or no associated disorders (NAD). Dashed lines indicate upper normal values (0.3 nmol/L for AChR antibodies, 100 pmol/L for VGKC antibodies, and optical density [OD] value of 60 for titin antibodies).
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Table 2. Features of Patients With Thymoma-Associated MG With and Without RyR Antibodies*
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Antibodies to RyR were detected in 10 patients: 5 patients had myositis; 1 patient, NMT; and 4 patients, no associated disorders (Figure 1). Patients with RyR antibodies had significantly higher frequency of myositis than patients without RyR antibodies (Table 2). One of the patients with myositis and RyR antibodies in whom VGKC antibodies were not detected also had electrically silent muscle cramps (patient 9, Table 1).
Antibodies to VGKC were detected in 7 of 16 patients with thymoma-associated MG undergoing testing: 4 of them had NMT, 1 of them had myositis, and 2 of them had no associated disorders (Figure 1). The incidence of VGKC antibodies was not significantly different in these patient groups or between patients with or without RyR antibodies (Table 2).
Eleven of the thymomas were classified as cortical, 3 as invasive carcinomas, 2 as mixed thymomas, and 1 as an atypical carcinoid. Thymic histologic characteristics did not correlate significantly with the antibodies or clinical syndromes. One patient who had RyR and VGKC antibodies had a thymic carcinoma and MG without clinical evidence of NMT or myositis, but EMG and muscle biopsy were not performed to exclude these disorders (patient 1, Table 1). The atypical carcinoid was found in a patient with NMT who had VGKC, AChR, and titin antibodies, but no RyR antibodies (patient 17, Table 1).
COMMENT
On the basis of these results, 3 groups of thymoma-associated MG can be tentatively distinguished. The first is characterized by the presence of serum RyR antibodies and by association with myositis and/or myocarditis, and the second by the absence of RyR antibodies and by association with NMT. The third has no RyR antibodies, myositis, or neuromyotonia. Although numbers are small, it was striking that RyR and VGKC antibodies coexisted in only 2 patients.
Myasthenia gravis with myositis tends to be severe, with a poor response to resection of the thymoma.5, 22 The association between RyR antibodies and inflammatory myopathy may, therefore, account for the previously observed relationship between RyR antibodies and severity of MG.23 These patients can deteriorate rapidly with life-threatening muscular weakness and cardiac failure shortly after thymectomy, and RyR antibodies may be useful as markers for such patients who may need to start immunosuppressive treatment before thymectomy.
It is not clear whether antibodies to RyR are pathogenic, but 1 patient with high titers of RyR antibodies (as judged by very strong staining in Western blots) and no detectable VGKC antibodies had rippling muscle disease.19 He complained of muscle spasms in the forearms, legs, back, and neck, especially when the muscles were stretched after rest. Spontaneous muscle contractions could be activated by percussion and were seen to spread over the muscle surface. The EMG showed the muscle contractions to be electrically silent (distinguishing the condition from NMT), indicating contraction of the myofilaments without depolarization of the myofiber surface membrane. Spontaneous release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum into myoplasm is a possible mechanism for induction of electrically silent muscle cramps. Since the RyR forms the Ca2+ release channel of sarcoplasmic reticulum, it is possible that the rippling muscle disease in our patient was caused by RyR antibody–mediated intracellular Ca2+ release. It has been shown that RyR antibodies from patients with MG affect RyR channel opening in vitro.24 To have functional effect on intracellular Ca2+ release in vivo, RyR antibodies must get access into a sufficient number of viable muscle cells that are not yet damaged by inflammation. This could explain why the rippling phenomenon is so rare among patients with positive findings for RyR antibodies.
Titin antibodies are to a large extent synonymous with so-called striational antibodies. These antibodies, which were present in 17 of 19 patients, are sensitive markers for the presence of a thymoma. When titers of titin antibodies are especially high, it may indicate presence of RyR antibodies and myositis.
The presence of VGKC antibodies in 4 of 6 patients with NMT is consistent with the evidence that thymoma-associated NMT results from an antibody-mediated defect in peripheral motor nerve function, as previously reported in 6 patients without thymoma.8 Absence of detectable VGKC antibodies, as in 2 of the patients with NMT, was also reported in those without thymoma when measured by immunoprecipitation.8 However, VGKC antibodies were detected in all patients with NMT (including those with thymoma) using a molecular immunohistochemical approach.25 Antibodies to VGKC have not been detected in healthy controls, but they were found in 2 of 7 of our patients with thymoma-associated MG without clinical symptoms of NMT, suggesting that NMT may be latent in some of these patients.
The lack of overlap between RyR and VGKC antibodies in our patients suggests that the thymomas are of the following 3 different types: those with a tendency to induce autoimmunity against striated muscle proteins in addition to the neuromuscular synapse, those that are more apt to induce additional autoimmunity against nervous tissue antigens, and those with autoimmunity confined to the AChR. This is supported by different reports of patients with thymoma and combinations of MG, myositis, and myocarditis3-5 or thymoma and combinations of MG, NMT, peripheral neuropathies, and limbic encephalitis.26-30
The best characterized paraneoplastic disorder is LEMS, which is caused by antibodies to voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. Small-cell lung cancer may also be associated with inflammation in the central nervous system with antibodies to the neuronal nuclear antigen Hu and sometimes with antibodies to voltage-gated Ca2+ channels.31 Since small-cell lung cancer cells express native voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, and elimination of the antigen by tumor resection can lead to clinical improvement, the immune response in LEMS almost certainly is provoked by the tumor antigens. By contrast, thymomas do not express intact AChR, and the thymoma epitopes shared by neuromuscular antigens do not bind patients' antibodies.32 Furthermore, thymoma-associated MG often responds poorly to resection of the tumor. The primary event(s) that lead to AChR antibodies in thymoma-associated MG might also trigger the production of titin antibodies, since some titin epitopes are expressed in thymomas; subsequent events or other factors presumably underlie the spreading of the immune response33 to involve RyRs with associated myositis, or neuronal antigens with associated NMT. It will be interesting to see whether the response to treatment differs between these subgroups.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Accepted for publication November 8, 1999.
We thank R. W. C. Janzen, MD, for contributing with clinical information on the German patients.
Corresponding author: Åse Mygland, MD, Department of Neurology, Vest-Agder Central Hospital, N-4604 Kristiansand, Norway (e-mail: aase.mygland{at}c2i.net).
From the Departments of Neurology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway (Drs Mygland, Gilhus, and Aarli), Vest-Agder Central Hospital, Kristiansand, Norway (Dr Mygland), Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio (Dr Kaminski), and University of California–Davis (Dr Agius); the Neuroscience Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliff Hospital, Oxford, England (Drs Vincent and Newsom-Davis); and the Institute of Pathology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy (Dr Zorzato).
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