You are seeing this message because your Web browser does not support basic Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing and what you can do to make your experience on this site better.


ABOUT ARCHIVES
Advanced Search

Welcome   | My Account | E-mail Alerts | Access Rights | Sign In


  Vol. 60 No. 5, May 2003 TABLE OF CONTENTS
  Archives
  •  Online Features
  Original Contribution
 This Article
 •Full text
 •PDF
 • Reply to article
 •Send to a friend
 • Save in My Folder
 •Save to citation manager
 •Permissions
 Citing Articles
 •Citation map
 •Citing articles on HighWire
 •Citing articles on Web of Science (94)
 •Contact me when this article is cited
 Related Content
 •Similar articles in this journal
 Topic Collections
 •Alzheimer Disease
 •Psychiatry
 •Depression
 •Alert me on articles by topic
 Social Bookmarking
  Add to CiteULike Add to Connotea Add to Del.icio.us Add to Digg Add to Reddit Add to Technorati Add to Twitter What's this?

Depression as a Risk Factor for Alzheimer Disease

The MIRAGE Study

Robert C. Green, MD, MPH; L. Adrienne Cupples, PhD; Alex Kurz, MD; Sanford Auerbach, MD; Rodney Go, PhD; Dessa Sadovnick, PhD; Ranjan Duara, MD; Walter A. Kukull, PhD; Helena Chui, MD; Timi Edeki, MD, PhD; Patrick A. Griffith, MD; Robert P. Friedland, MD; David Bachman, MD; Lindsay Farrer, PhD

Arch Neurol. 2003;60:753-759.

Background  Depression symptoms may be associated with the development of Alzheimer disease (AD).

Objectives  To evaluate the association between depression symptoms and risk of AD, and to explore the temporal aspects of this association.

Setting  Academic institutions with specialized memory clinics.

Design  Cross-sectional, family-based, case-control study with standardized self- and proxy questionnaires to collect information on depression symptoms and other risk factors.

Participants  A total of 1953 subjects with AD and 2093 of their unaffected relatives enrolled in the Multi-institutional Research in Alzheimer's Genetic Epidemiology Study.

Main Outcome Measures  Odds ratios (ORs) of AD were estimated with and without depression symptoms, adjusted for age, sex, education, history of head trauma, and apolipoprotein E status.

Results  There was a significant association between depression symptoms and AD (adjusted OR, 2.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.71-2.67). In families where depression symptoms first occurred within 1 year before the onset of AD, the association was higher (OR, 4.57; 95% CI, 2.87-7.31), while in the families where the depression symptoms first occurred more than 1 year before the onset of AD, the association was lower (OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.03-1.85). In families where depression symptoms first occurred more than 25 years before the onset of AD, there was still a modest association (OR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.03-2.82).

Conclusions  Depression symptoms before the onset of AD are associated with the development of AD, even in families where first depression symptoms occurred more than 25 years before the onset of AD. These data suggest that depression symptoms are a risk factor for later development of AD.


From the Departments of Neurology and Medicine (Genetics Program), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass (Drs Green, Auerbach, and Farrer); Departments of Epidemiology (Drs Green and Farrer) and Biostatistics (Drs Cupples and Farrer), Boston University School of Public Health; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (Dr Kurz); Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Public Health, Birmingham (Dr Go); Department of Medical Genetics and Medicine (Neurology), University of British Columbia, Vancouver (Dr Sadovnick); The Wein Center, Mt Sinai Medical Center and the University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Fla (Dr Duara); Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle (Dr Kukull); Rancho Los Amigos Rehabilitation Center and Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (Dr Chui); Department of Medicine, Sections of Clinical Pharmacology (Dr Edeki) and Neurology (Dr Griffith), Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga; Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (Dr Friedland); and Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (Dr Bachman).



Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati   Add to Twitter Twitter     What's this?

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES

Religious Attendance Reduces Cognitive Decline Among Older Women With High Levels of Depressive Symptoms
Corsentino et al.
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2009;64A:1283-1289.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Does cortical thinning in persons at increased risk for major depression also increase their risk for Alzheimer's disease?
Pomara and Sidtis
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2009;106:E82-E82.
FULL TEXT  

Low plasma eicosapentaenoic acid and depressive symptomatology are independent predictors of dementia risk
Samieri et al.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008;88:714-721.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Apolipoprotein E {varepsilon}4 Allele Genotype and the Effect of Depressive Symptoms on the Risk of Dementia in Men: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study
Irie et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008;65:906-912.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Predictors of progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer disease
Palmer et al.
Neurology 2007;68:1596-1602.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Cumulative Exposure to General Anesthesias and Cognitive Dysfunction at Age 75 in the Vienna Transdanube Aging "VITA" Study
Fischer et al.
J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosi. 2007;19:21-26.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Depressive Symptoms Associated With Hereditary Alzheimer's Disease: A Case Description
Contreras et al.
AM J ALZHEIMERS DIS OTHER DEMEN 2007;21:411-415.
ABSTRACT  

Predictors of Subjective Memory Complaint in Cognitively Normal Relatives of Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
Tsai et al.
J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosi. 2006;18:384-388.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Depression and Risk for Alzheimer Disease: Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Metaregression Analysis.
Ownby et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63:530-538.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Hippocampal Volume Is Associated With Physician-Reported Acute Cognitive Deficits After Electroconvulsive Therapy
Lekwauwa et al.
J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2006;19:21-25.
ABSTRACT  

Depressive symptoms, vascular disease, and mild cognitive impairment: findings from the cardiovascular health study.
Barnes et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63:273-279.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Perspectives on Depression, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Cognitive Decline
Steffens et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63:130-138.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Depressive Symptoms and Cognitive Decline in Late Life: A Prospective Epidemiological Study
Ganguli et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63:153-160.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Increased Hippocampal Plaques and Tangles in Patients With Alzheimer Disease With a Lifetime History of Major Depression
Rapp et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63:161-167.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Similar Neurocognitive Performance of Adults With and Without a History of Parental Alzheimer's Disease: A Pilot Study
Ercoli et al.
J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2005;18:208-212.
ABSTRACT  

Neuropsychological tests accurately predict incident Alzheimer disease after 5 and 10 years
Tierney et al.
Neurology 2005;64:1853-1859.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Earlier Onset of Alzheimer Disease Symptoms in Latino Individuals Compared With Anglo Individuals
Clark et al.
Arch Neurol 2005;62:774-778.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Methodology and Preliminary Results From the Neurocognitive Outcomes of Depression in the Elderly Study
Steffens et al.
J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2004;17:202-211.
ABSTRACT  

Does the risk of developing dementia increase with the number of episodes in patients with depressive disorder and in patients with bipolar disorder?
Kessing and Andersen
J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2004;75:1662-1666.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Temporal relation between depression and cognitive impairment in old age: prospective population based study
Vinkers et al.
BMJ 2004;329:881.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Depression in Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment Increases the Risk of Developing Dementia of Alzheimer Type: A Prospective Cohort Study
Modrego and Ferrandez
Arch Neurol 2004;61:1290-1293.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Insulin Resistance, Affective Disorders, and Alzheimer's Disease: Review and Hypothesis
Rasgon and Jarvik
Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2004;59:M178-183.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Commentary: Insulin Resistance as a Link Between Affective Disorder and Alzheimer's Disease: A Hypothesis in Need of Further Refinement
Lyketsos and Lee
Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2004;59:M185-187.
FULL TEXT  

AD and Depression: Another Look at the Connection
JWatch Psychiatry 2003;2003:3-3.
FULL TEXT  





HOME | CURRENT ISSUE | PAST ISSUES | TOPIC COLLECTIONS | CME | SUBMIT | SUBSCRIBE | HELP
CONDITIONS OF USE | PRIVACY POLICY | CONTACT US | SITE MAP
 
© 2003 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.