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Vitamin E and Beta Carotene Supplementation in High Risk for Stroke
A Subgroup Analysis of the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study
Jaana M. Leppälä, MD;
Jarmo Virtamo, MD;
Rainer Fogelholm, MD;
Demetrius Albanes, MD;
Philip R. Taylor, MD, DSc;
Olli P. Heinonen, MD, DSc
Arch Neurol. 2000;57:1503-1509.
Context High serum or dietary levels of vitamin E and beta carotene appear to be associated with lower risk of stroke, but studies regarding their supplementation have not supported their use in stroke prevention.
Objective To determine if vitamin E (dl-alpha tocopherol) and beta carotene supplementations could be used in prevention of stroke in men at high risk for hemorrhagic or ischemic events.
Design Population-based, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2 x 2 factorial design trial (the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study), conducted from April 1985 through April 30, 1993, with median follow-up of 6 years.
Interventions Alpha tocopherol, 50 mg; beta carotene, 20 mg; both; or placebo.
Participants From the total male population aged 50 through 69 years in southwestern Finland (n = 290,406), 29,133 male smokers were randomized to 1 of 4 treatment regimens. We excluded 614 men because of previous stroke at baseline, leaving 28,519.
Main Outcome Measures Incident and fatal subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhage, cerebral infarction, and unspecified stroke.
Results Stroke occurred in a total of 1057 men: 85 had subarachnoid and 112 had intracerebral hemorrhage, 807 had cerebral infarction, and 53 had unspecified stroke. Within 90 days from onset, 160 men died of stroke. Vitamin E supplementation increased the risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage (relative risk [RR], 2.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-5.55) and decreased risk of cerebral infarction (RR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.55-0.89) in hypertensive men but had no effect among normotensive men. Furthermore, it decreased the risk of cerebral infarction, without elevating the risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage, among hypertensive men with concurrent diabetes (RR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.14-0.78). Beta carotene supplementation appeared to increase the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage and modestly decrease that of cerebral infarction among men with greater alcohol consumption.
Conclusion Vitamin E supplementation may prevent ischemic stroke in high-risk hypertensive patients, but further studies are needed.
From the Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki (Drs Leppälä and Heinonen), National Public Health Institute (Dr Virtamo), and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Helsinki University Central Hospital (Dr Fogelholm), Helsinki, Finland; and the National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md (Drs Albanes and Taylor).
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