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The Rotterdam Study

Maarten C. de Rijk, MD; Monique M. B. Breteler, MD, PhD; Johanna H. den Breeijen, MSc; Lenore J. Launer, PhD; Diederick E. Grobbee, MD, PhD; Frans G. A. van der Meché, MD, PhD; Albert Hofman, MD, PhD

Arch Neurol. 1997;54(6):762-765.

Abstract
Objective
To investigate whether high dietary intake of antioxidants decreases the risk of Parkinson disease (PD).

Setting
The community-based Rotterdam Study, the Netherlands.

Design
The cross-sectional study formed part of a large community-based study in which all participants were individually screened for parkinsonism and were administered a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. The study population consisted of 5342 independently living individuals without dementia between 55 and 95 years of age, including 31 participants with PD (Hoehn-Yahr stages 1-3).

Results
The odds ratio for PD was 0.5 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.2-0.9) per 10-mg daily dietary vitamin E intake, 0.6 (95% CI, 0.3-1.3) per 1-mg beta carotene intake, 0.9 (95% CI, 0.4-1.9) per 100-mg vitamin C intake, and 0.9 (95% CI, 0.7-1.2) per 10-mg flavonoids intake, all adjusted for age, sex, smoking habits, and energy intake. The association with vitamin E intake was dose dependent (P for trend=.03). To assess whether the association was different in participants with more advanced disease, we excluded those with PD who had a Hoehn-Yahr stage of 2.5 or 3. This did not fundamentally alter the results.

Conclusion
Our data suggest that a high intake of dietary vitamin E may protect against the occurrence of PD.

Author Affiliations
From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Drs de Rijk, Breteler, Launer, Grobbee, and Hofman and Ms den Breeijen), Erasmus University Medical School, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Rotterdam (Drs de Rijk and van der Meché), and the Erasmus Center for Research on Aging (Dr de Rijk), Rotterdam, the Netherlands.

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