This Article  • References  • Full text PDF  • Reply to article  • Send to a friend  • Save in My Folder  • Save to citation manager  • Permissions  Citing Articles  • Citation map  • Citing articles on HighWire  • Contact me when this article is cited  Related Content  • Similar articles in this journal  Social Bookmarking   What's this?

A Community-Based Study

Elise Tandberg, MD; Jan P. Larsen, MD; Dag Aarsland, MD; Jeffrey L. Cummings, MD

Arch Neurol. 1996;53(2):175-179.

Abstract
Objective
To investigate the frequency of major depression (MD) and the severity of depressive symptoms among patients with Parkinson's disease (PD).

Design
The PD population was derived from a community-based prevalence study. Total case ascertainment and a high diagnostic accuracy of PD were attempted through a detailed community study and the use of a new clinical diagnostic classification. Major depression was diagnosed according to the criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Revised Third Edition. The severity of depression in the prevalence population was scored with the Montgomery and Åsberg Depression Rating Scale. The occurrence of depressive symptoms among patients with PD was compared with the occurrence among age-matched groups of patients with diabetes mellitus and of healthy elderly. In addition, the patients with PD and the control groups completed the Beck Depression Inventory.

Setting
Depression among patients with PD derived from a prevalence study in the county of Rogaland, Norway.

Patients
Two hundred forty-five patients with PD. Two age-matched control groups (each including 100 patients); one group included patients with diabetes mellitus and the other, healthy elderly.

Results
Of the 245 patients with PD, 7.7% met the criteria for MD. Based on their Montgomery and Åsberg Depression Rating score, 5.1% of the patients were moderately to severely depressed whereas another 45.5% had mild depressive symptoms. Among the patients who scored 20 or more on the Mini-Mental State Examination, 3.6% had MD compared with 25.6% of the patients with a score below 20. The frequency of patients with a Beck Depression Inventory score of 18 or more was higher in the PD group (24.1%) than among patients with diabetes mellitus (11%) and the healthy elderly controls (4%).

Conclusion
This study suggests that the prevalence of MD in PD is lower than previously assumed, but a substantial proportion of patients with PD have less severe depressive symptoms.

Author Affiliations
From the Department of Neurology, Central Hospital of Rogaland (Drs Tandberg and Larsen); Department of Psychogeriatrics, Psychiatric Hospital of Rogaland (Dr Aarsland), Stavanger, Norway; and Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (Dr Cummings).

CiteULike    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    Twitter     What's this?

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES

Nonmotor Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease Revealed in an Animal Model with Reduced Monoamine Storage Capacity
Taylor et al.
J. Neurosci. 2009;29:8103-8113.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

A Review on Neurobiological and Psychological Mechanisms Underlying the Anti-depressive Effect of Qigong Exercise
Tsang and Fung
J Health Psychol 2008;13:857-863.
ABSTRACT  

Increased Risk of Depressive and Anxiety Disorders in Relatives of Patients With Parkinson Disease
Arabia et al.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007;64:1385-1392.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The impact of depressive symptoms in early Parkinson disease
Ravina et al.
Neurology 2007;69:342-347.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Insomnia in Parkinson's disease: frequency and progression over time
Gjerstad et al.
J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2007;78:476-479.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

A magnetic resonance imaging study of patients with Parkinson's disease with mild cognitive impairment and dementia using voxel-based morphometry
Beyer et al.
J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2007;78:254-259.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

The Role of Dopamine in the Pathophysiology of Depression
Dunlop and Nemeroff
Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007;64:327-337.
FULL TEXT  

Neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease and dementia: frequency, profile and associated care giver stress
Aarsland et al.
J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2007;78:36-42.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Abnormalities in Motor Physiology in Bipolar Disorder
Lohr and Caligiuri
J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosi. 2006;18:342-349.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Apathy does not equal depression in Parkinson disease: Why we should care.
Richard
Neurology 2006;67:10-11.
FULL TEXT  

Clinical management of Parkinson's disease dementia: pitfalls and progress
Samuel et al.
Adv. Psychiatr. Treat. 2006;12:121-129.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Prevalence and Treatment of Depression in Parkinson's Disease
Veazey et al.
J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosi. 2005;17:310-323.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Depression is associated with impairment of ADL, not motor function in Parkinson disease
Holroyd et al.
Neurology 2005;64:2134-2135.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Depression in Parkinson's Disease: Conceptual Issues and Clinical Challenges
Leentjens
J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2004;17:120-126.
ABSTRACT  

Are Parkinson's Disease with dementia and Dementia with lewy Bodies the Same Entity?
Aarsland et al.
J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2004;17:137-145.
ABSTRACT  

Recognition and Treatment of Depression in Parkinson's Disease
Weintraub et al.
J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2003;16:178-183.
ABSTRACT  

Depressive symptoms, cognitive decline, and risk of AD in older persons
Wilson et al.
Neurology 2002;59:364-370.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Sleep disorders and their determinants in multiple system atrophy
Ghorayeb et al.
J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2002;72:798-800.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Increased risk of Parkinson's disease after depression: A retrospective cohort study
Schuurman et al.
Neurology 2002;58:1501-1504.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Japanese family with parkinsonism, depression, weight loss, and central hypoventilation
Tsuboi et al.
Neurology 2002;58:1025-1030.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Prevalence, Clinical Manifestations, Etiology, and Treatment of Depression in Parkinson's Disease
Slaughter et al.
J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosi. 2001;13:187-196.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Health related quality of life in Parkinson's disease: a prospective longitudinal study
Karlsen et al.
J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2000;69:584-589.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

A 10-year study of the incidence of and factors predicting dementia in Parkinson's disease
Hughes et al.
Neurology 2000;54:1596-1603.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Influence of clinical and demographic variables on quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease
Karlsen et al.
J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1999;66:431-435.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Affective symptoms in multiple system atrophy and Parkinson's disease: response to levodopa therapy
Fetoni et al.
J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1999;66:541-544.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Bioavailable Testosterone and Depressed Mood in Older Men: The Rancho Bernardo Study
Barrett-Connor et al.
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1999;84:573-577.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Diagnostic Criteria for Parkinson Disease
Gelb et al.
Arch Neurol 1999;56:33-39.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Neuropsychiatric features of corticobasal degeneration
Litvan et al.
J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1998;65:717-721.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Parkinson's Disease- First of Two Parts
Lang and Lozano
NEJM 1998;339:1044-1053.
FULL TEXT  

Depression in Parkinson's Disease: The Impact of Symptom Overlap on Prevalence
Hoogendijk et al.
Psychosomatics 1998;39:416-421.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Neuropsychological prediction of dementia in Parkinson's disease
Mahieux et al.
J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1998;64:178-183.
ABSTRACT | FULL TEXT  

Risk Factors for Depression in Parkinson Disease
Tandberg et al.
Arch Neurol 1997;54:625-630.
ABSTRACT