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  Vol. 52 No. 5, May 1995 TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Ischemic Stroke in Young Adults

Experience in 329 Patients Enrolled in the Iowa Registry of Stroke in Young Adults

Harold P. Adams, Jr, MD; L. Jaap Kappelle, MD; José Biller, MD; David Lee Gordon, MD; Betsy B. Love, MD; Francisco Gomez, MD; Marta Heffner, RN, MA

Arch Neurol. 1995;52(5):491-495.


Abstract



Objectives
To describe the likely causes of ischemic stroke in a population of young adults and to report the influence of strict algorithms on the diagnosis of the likely cause of stroke in this cohort.

Design
Between July 1, 1977, and January 1, 1993, we registered 329 young adults with ischemic stroke in our registry. Diagnostic studies were selected on a case-by-case basis. Presumed causes of stroke were determined using clinical information and the results of diagnostic tests. In each case, a second causative diagnosis was made using the criteria developed for a large clinical trial.

Setting
Patients referred to the Division of Cerebrovascular Diseases in the Department of Neurology at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, by physicians in Iowa and adjacent states.

Patients
Three hundred twenty-nine young adults (182 men and 147 women) aged 15 to 45 years with ischemic stroke; 102 persons, 48 men and 54 women, were aged 30 years or younger.

Results
Cerebral arteriography was performed in 227 cases, and the findings were abnormal in 146. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed abnormalities in 82 of 221 patients examined. We identified approximately 60 different disorders that were presumed to be the cause of stroke. There were no major changes in the frequency of subtype diagnoses between the first 144 patients and the subsequent 185. Use of strict diagnostic criteria increased the number of cases of stroke of undetermined etiology (from 45 to 113), and the number attributed to large artery atherosclerosis declined from 71 to 32.

Conclusions
The causes of ischemic stroke in young adults are numerous. Because treatment options in this group are influenced by a presumed cause, an evaluation on a case-by-case basis is warranted. Our experience suggests that a likely cause will be detected in most cases and that a regimented battery of tests may not be required. If strict diagnostic criteria are used, the diagnosis of stroke of undetermined etiology considerably increases. While such strict criteria are important in clinical trials that test new interventions, the value of the application of such methodologies to an unusual population, such as stroke in young adults, needs clarification. In particular, the usefulness of categorizing a stroke as undetermined when two or more possible causes are identified needs to be explored.



Author Affiliations



From the Division of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Department of Neurology, The University of Iowa College of Medicine (Drs Adams, Kappelle, Biller, Gordon, Love, and Gomez and Ms Heffner), and the Department of Neurology, Iowa City Veterans Administration Medical Center (Drs Adams, Biller, Gordon, Love, and Gomez and Ms Heffner), Iowa City. Dr Kappelle is now with the Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Dr Biller is with the Department of Neurology, Indiana University, Indianapolis; Dr Gordon is with the Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi, Jackson; and Dr Gomez is in private practice, Decatur, Ill.



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