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John R. Gates, MD; Venkat Ramani, MD; Susan Whalen, RN; Ruth Loewenson, PhD

Arch Neurol. 1985;42(12):1183-1187.

Abstract
• The spontaneous pseudoseizures resembling tonic-clonic seizures in 25 patients were recorded on simultaneous videotape and electroencephalograms and were compared with the seizures recorded from 25 patients with true tonicclonic epileptic events. The goal of the comparison was to identify bedside clinical criteria to assist in differentiating between the two groups. The variables of age, sex, and selected physical manifestations of the events were compared for the two groups by appropriate statistical methods, including a multivariate stepwise discriminate analysis. Significant differences between the two groups of seizures were identified for several variables, and most strikingly for the character of upper and lower extremity movements, the time of vocalization during the event, the character of pelvic movements, and the nature of body tone during the events. Useful bedside criteria for distinguishing a pseudoseizure from a tonicclonic seizure were identified.

Author Affiliations
From the Department of Neurology, St Paul Ramsey Medical Center, Minneapolis (Dr Gates); the Departments of Neurology (Drs Ramani and Loewenson) and Biometry (Dr Loewenson), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; and the Comprehensive Epilepsy Program of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Dr Gates and Ms Whalen).

Footnotes
Accepted for publication Dec 17, 1984.

Presented in part at the American EEG and Epilepsy Society Meeting, Phoenix, Nov 13, 1982.

Reprint requests to Department of Neurology, St Paul Ramsey Medical Center, 640 Jackson St, St Paul, MN 55101 (Dr Gates).

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